Examining the secondary impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on syndemic production and PrEP use among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBM) in Vancouver, Canada | BMC Public Health
Government of Canada. A Vision to Transform Canada’s Public Health System. 2021.
Government of Canada. COVID-19: Outbreak update 2022 [Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection.html
Tsai AC, Venkataramani AS. Syndemics and Health disparities: a methodological note. AIDS Behav. 2015;20(2):423–30.
Biello KB, Oldenburg CE, Safren SA, Rosenberger JG, Novak DS, Mayer KH, et al. Multiple syndemic psychosocial factors are associated with reduced engagement in HIV care among a multinational, online sample of HIV-infected MSM in Latin America. AIDS Care. 2016;28(sup1):84–91.
Hart TA, Noor SW, Adam BD, Vernon JRG, Brennan DJ, Gardner S, et al. Number of psychosocial strengths predicts reduced HIV sexual risk behaviors above and beyond syndemic problems among Gay and Bisexual men. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(10):3035–46.
Parsons JT, Millar BM, Moody RL, Starks TJ, Rendina HJ, Grov C. Syndemic conditions and HIV Transmission Risk Behavior among HIV-Negative gay and bisexual men in a U.S. National Sample. Health Psychol. 2017;36(7):695–703.
Halkitis PN, Kapadia F, Bub KL, Barton S, Moreira AD, Stults CB. A Longitudinal Investigation of Syndemic conditions among Young Gay, Bisexual, and other MSM: the P18 cohort study. AIDS Behav. 2014;19(6):970–80.
Halkitis PN, Moeller RW, Siconolfi DE, Storholm ED, Solomon TM, Bub KL. Measurement model exploring a Syndemic in Emerging Adult Gay and Bisexual men. AIDS Behav. 2012;17(2):662–73.
Tan DHS, Leon-Carlyle M, Mills R, Moses E, Carvalhal A. Self-administered screening for Syndemic Mental health problems should be routinely implemented among MSM PrEP users. J gay Lesbian Mental Health. 2016;20(1):13–20.
Blashill AJ, Brady JP, Rooney BM, Rodriguez-Diaz CE, Horvath KJ, Blumenthal J, et al. Syndemics and the PrEP Cascade: results from a sample of young latino men who have sex with men. Arch Sex Behav. 2019;49(1):125–35.
Sullivan MC, Eaton LA. Intersecting barriers to PrEP awareness and uptake in Black men who have sex with men in Atlanta, GA: a Syndemic Perspective. Int J Behav Med. 2020;28(3):349–59.
Chandler CJ, Bukowski LA, Matthews DD, Hawk ME, Markovic N, Stall RD, et al. Understanding the impact of a syndemic on the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis in a community-based sample of behaviorally PrEP-eligible BMSM in the United States. AIDS Care. 2020;32(5):551–6.
Heslin KC, Hall JE. Sexual orientation disparities in risk factors for adverse COVID-19-Related outcomes, by Race/Ethnicity – behavioral risk factor Surveillance System, United States, 2017–2019. MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2021;70(5):149–54.
Brennan DJ, Card KG, Collict D, Jollimore J, Lachowsky NJ. How might Social Distancing Impact Gay, Bisexual, Queer, Trans and two-Spirit men in Canada? AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2480–2.
Gilbert M, Chang H-J, Ablona A, Salway T, Ogilvie GS, Wong J, et al. Accessing needed sexual health services during the COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia, Canada: a survey of sexual health service clients. Sex Transm Infect. 2022;98(5):360–5.
PAN. The BCCDC Bute St. Sexual Health Clinic says goodbye for now 2020 [Available from: https://paninbc.ca/2020/11/23/the-bccdc-bute-st-sexual-health-clinic-says-goodbye-for-now/
Ablona A, Chang H-J, Grace D, Worthington C, Wong J, Ogilvie G et al. Sex in the time of COVID-19: Preliminary results from a survey conducted on July 21 to August 4, 2020. 2020.
Grace D, Skakoon-Sparling S, Lachowsky N, Moore D, Jollimore J, Grey C, Brennan DJ, Tan DHS, Gilbert M, Sang J, Gaspar M, Perez-Brumer A, Lambert G, Noor SW, Ferlatte O, Salway T, Burchell A, Hart TA, Cox J. The impact of COVID-19 on sexual behaviour, PrEP use, and healthcare access among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in Canada: preliminary findings from Engage-COVID-19. Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality; 2021. Puerto Rico.
Hammoud MA, Grulich A, Holt M, Maher L, Murphy D, Jin F et al. Substantial Decline in Use of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Following Introduction of COVID-19 Physical Distancing Restrictions in Australia: Results From a Prospective Observational Study of Gay and Bisexual Men. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2021;86(1):22–30.
Di Ciaccio M, Villes V, Michels D, Morel S, Delabre RM, Rojas Castro D et al. Impact of the early 2020 COVID-19 crisis and lockdown on PrEP use among men who have sex with men (MSM) in France. Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2022:sextrans-2021-055189.
Gaspar M, Grey C, Wells A, Hull M, Tan DHS, Lachowsky N, et al. Public health morality, sex, and COVID-19: sexual minority men’s HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) decision-making during Ontario’s first COVID-19 lockdown. Crit Public Health. 2022;32(1):116–26.
Hart TA, Moore DM, Noor SW, Lachowsky N, Grace D, Cox J et al. Prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted and blood-borne Infections, and related preventive and risk behaviours, among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver: results from the Engage Study. Can J Public Health. 2021.
Cox J, Apelian H, Moodie EEM, Messier-Peet M, Hart TA, Grace D, et al. Use of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among urban Canadian gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men: a cross-sectional analysis of the Engage cohort study. CMAJ open. 2021;9(2):E529–E38.
Moore DM, Kremer H, Wang L, Lepik KJ, Li J, Salters K et al. Evaluation of a public health referral system to re-engage individuals living with HIV who have interrupted antiretroviral therapy in British Columbia, Canada. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2022.
Heckathorn DD. Respondent-driven sampling: a New Approach to the study of hidden populations. Soc Probl. 1997;44(2):174–99.
British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS. Guidance for the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for the prevention of HIV acquisition in British Columbia. 2020 [Available from: http://www.bccfe.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/publications/centredocs/prep_guidelines_17-jun-2020.pdf
BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS. HIV Pre-Exposure Prophlyaxis Semi Annual Report: Second quarter 2022. 2022.
Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1983;67(6):361–70.
Straus MA, Hamby SL, Boney-McCoy SUE, Sugarman DB. The revised conflict tactics scales (CTS2): development and preliminary Psychometric Data. J Fam Issues. 1996;17(3):283–316.
Lundin A, Hallgren M, Balliu N, Forsell Y. The Use of Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in detecting Alcohol Use Disorder and Risk drinking in the General Population: validation of AUDIT using schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2015;39(1):158–65.
Georgieva S, Tomas JM, Navarro-Pérez JJ. Systematic review and critical appraisal of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire — Short Form (CTQ-SF). Child abuse & neglect. 2021;120:105223-.
Ven PVD, Crawford J, Kippax S, Knox S, Prestage G. A scale of optimism-scepticism in the context of HIV treatments. AIDS Care. 2000;12(2):171–6.
Grace D, Dvorakova M, Sang J, Grey C, editors. Sex, PrEP, and Healthcare Access among Gay, Bisexual, and Queer men: findings from Engage-COVID-19. CBRC Summit; 2021.
Huang YAZW, Wiener J, Kourtis AP, Hall IE, Hoover KW. Impact of coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis prescriptions in the United States—a time-series analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2022.
Junine Toy CLK, Raquel M, Espinoza W, Zhang D, Kao E, Ready J, Trigg KJ, Lepik M, Hull T, McLinden VD. Lima, Paul Sereda, David Moore, Rolando Barrios, Julio S. Montaner, editor COVID-19 PANDEMIC IMPACT ON HIV PrEP PROGRAM ENGAGEMENT IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. CROI; 2022.
Longitudinal change in. Adolescent depression and anxiety symptoms from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic: a collaborative of 12 samples from 3 countries (updated July 13, 2022). NewsRX LLC; 2022. p. 89.
Kessler RC, Ruhm CJ, Puac-Polanco V, Hwang IH, Lee S, Petukhova MV, et al. Estimated prevalence of and factors Associated with clinically significant anxiety and Depression among US adults during the First Year of the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(6):e2217223–e.
Yarrington JS, Lasser J, Garcia D, Vargas JH, Couto DD, Marafon T, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Mental Health among 157,213 americans. J Affect Disord. 2021;286:64–70.
McCrone S, LGBT HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES, DISCRIMINATION, AND SOCIETAL STIGMA:, THE MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH RISKS RELATED TO SEXUAL AND/OR GENDER MINORITY STATUS. American journal of medical research (New York, NY). 2018;5(1):91 – 6.
Canadian Institute for Health Research. COVID-19 Intervention Timeline in Canada 2022 [Available from: https://www.cihi.ca/en/covid-19-intervention-timeline-in-canada
Miller AE, Mehak A, Trolio V, Racine SE. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological health of individuals with mental health conditions: a mixed methods study. J Clin Psychol. 2022;78(4):710–28.
Stephenson R, Sullivan SP, Pitter RA, Hunter AS, Chavanduka TMD. Are we still having sex? Results of round two of the love and sex in the time of COVID Survey with Gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2022;26(7):2338–48.
Card KG, Lachowsky NJ, Armstrong HL, Cui Z, Wang L, Sereda P, et al. The additive effects of depressive symptoms and polysubstance use on HIV risk among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. Addict Behav. 2018;82:158–65.
Rich AJ, Lachowsky NJ, Cui Z, Sereda P, Lal A, Birch R, et al. Substance use, sexual behaviour and prevention strategies of Vancouver gay and bisexual men who recently attended group sex events. Cult Health Sex. 2016;18(4):361–76.
Sang JM, McAllister K, Wang L, Barath J, Lal A, Parlette A, et al. Examining provincial PrEP coverage and characterizing PrEP awareness and use among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in Vancouver, Toronto and Montreal, 2017–2020. J Int AIDS Soc. 2022;25(10):e26017-n/a.
Mehrotra ML, Glidden DV, McMahan V, Amico KR, Hosek S, Defechereux P, et al. The effect of depressive symptoms on adherence to daily oral PrEP in men who have sex with men and Transgender women: a marginal structural model analysis of the iPrEx OLE study. AIDS Behav. 2016;20(7):1527–34.
Miller SJ, Harrison SE, Sanasi-Bhola K. A scoping review investigating relationships between Depression, anxiety, and the PrEP Care Continuum in the United States. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(21):11431.
Roberts ST, Haberer J, Celum C, Mugo N, Ware NC, Cohen CR et al. Intimate Partner Violence and Adherence to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) in African Women in HIV Serodiscordant Relationships: A Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2016;73(3):313 – 22.
Siemieniuk R, Miller P, Woodman K, Ko K, Krentz H, Gill M. Prevalence, clinical associations, and impact of intimate partner Violence among HIV-infected gay and bisexual men: a population-based study. HIV Med. 2013;14(5):293–302.
Daroya E, Grey C, Lessard D, Klassen B, Skakoon-Sparling S, Gaspar M et al. ‘I did not have sex outside of our bubble’: changes in sexual practices and risk reduction strategies among sexual minority men in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic. Culture, health & sexuality. 2022;ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print):1–17.
Alcantar Heredia JL, Goldklank S. The relevance of pre-exposure prophylaxis in gay men’s lives and their motivations to use it: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1–1829.
